Re-scheduling of the class

Language & Society 2013-2014

room 14, 6-8pm

October

Tuesday 1 Unit 1 - Introduction to the course

Thursday 3 Unit 2 - Two models for communication

Tuesday 8 Unit 3 – Temporal organization of the activities

Thursday 10 Unit 4 - The constitution of the perceptual world

Tuesday 15 Unit 5 - Group

Thursday 17 Unit 6 - Self

Tuesday 22 Unit 7 – Frame Analysis

Thursday 24 Unit 8 – Interaction order

Tuesday 29 Unit 9 – Ritual and symbolism

Thursday 31 Unit 10 – Institutional order

November

Tuesday 5 Unit 11 – Action, activities, intentionality

Thursday 7 NO CLASS

MONDAY 11 – PROJECT WORK

Tuesday 12 Unit 12 - Emotions

Thursday 14 Unit 13 - Senses

MONDAY 18 – PROJECT WORK

Tuesday 19 Unit 14 – Animals

Thursday 21 Unit 15 – Filogenesis, ontogenesis

Monday 25 – Unit 16 - Meaning and interpretations

Tuesday 26 Unit 17 – Linguistics and sociolinguistics

Thursday 28 NO CLASS

December

MONDAY 2 – PROJECT WORK

Tuesday 3 Unit 18 - Ethnomethodology

Thursday 5 Unit 19 – Conversation Analysis

MONDAY 9 – PROJECT WORK

Tuesday 10 Unit 20 – Wrap up

Thursday 12 NO CLASS - Universiadi

Tuesday 17 NO CLASS

Thursday 19 NO CLASS – Universiadi

Unit 16 - November 25th

16 Meaning and interpretation

G.H. Mead, Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: Chicago University Press chap. 8, 9, 10, 11

http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/mindself/Mead_1934_toc.html

In ITALIAN:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788809745605/mead-george-h/mente-s-e-e-societ-a.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=589612&v=l&dcnr=3

B. Malinowski, The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages

pp.296-336

http://s-f-walker.org.uk/pubsebooks/pdfs/ogden-richards-meaning-all.pdf

C. Geertz, Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture, pp. 3-32

http://monoskop.org/images/5/54/Geertz_Clifford_The_Interpretation_of_Cultures_Selected_Essays.pdf
In ITALIAN see:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788815066930/geertz-clifford/interpretazione-culture.html

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. Trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall. London: Sheed and Ward, 1975. Rev. Ed. London: Continuum, 1989. EXCERPTS:

http://www.rlwclarke.net/courses/LITS3303/2008-2009/11CGadamerTruthandMethod.pdf

http://www.ualberta.ca/~caaftink/Gadamer.pdf

In ITALIAN see:

http://www.ibs.it/code/9788845248559/gadamer-hans-g/verit-a-e-metodo-vol.html

Unit 13 - November 14th

13 Senses

Simmel, Excursus on the sociology of the senses, in Sociology (or. ed. 1908)

In GERMAN:

http://socio.ch/sim/soziologie/soz_9_ex2.htm

In ENGLISH
In ITALIAN

Gale Peter Largey and David Rodney Watson The Sociology of Odors, American Journal of Sociology , Vol. 77, No. 6 (May, 1972), pp. 1021-1034
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776218

Rotter 2011 Empires of the Senses - How Seeing, Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, and Touching Shaped Imperial Encounters

http://dh.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/3.short

Unit 12 - November 12th

12 Emotions

M. Mauss, “L'expression obligatoire des sentiments (rituels oraux funéraires australiens”. (1921)
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/mauss_marcel/essais_de_socio/T3_expression_sentiments/expression_sentiments.html
The ENGLISH translation (with an introduction by C. Garces and A. Jones, 2009)
http://anthropology.cornell.edu/faculty/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=139765
The ITALIAN translation:
http://www.adelphi.it/libro/9788845902475

Erving Goffman Response Cries, Language , Vol. 54, No. 4 (Dec., 1978), pp. 787-815
http://www.jstor.org/stable/413235
The ITALIAN translation is in this book (chap. 2):
http://www.mulino.it/edizioni/volumi/scheda_volume.php?vista=scheda&ISBNART=01552

Arlie Russell Hochschild, 1979. "Emotion Work, Feeling Rules and Social Structure." American Journal of Sociology 85, 3: 551-575.
https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/II.%20Emotions/1979%20Hochschild%20-%20Emotion%20Work.pdf

Arnold Arluke. “Managing Emotions in an Animal Shelter.” Inside Social Life, pp. 337-351
oppure

Spencer E. Cahill and Robin Eggleston, Managing Emotions in Public: The Case of Wheelchair Users, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1994), pp. 300-312
http://renazito.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/cahill-and-eggleston-1994-managing-emotions-in-public.pdf

Unit 11 - November 5th

11 Action, activities and intentionality

1. Hubert DREYFUS and Jerome WAKEFIELD, "Intentionality and the Phenomenology of Action", John Searle and his Critics, E. Lepore & R. Van Guhck, edts., (Cambridge, UK : Basil Blackwell, 1991), 264

2. John R. SEARLE, "Response : The Background of Intentionality and Action," in John Searle and his Critics, E. Lepore & R. Van Guhck, edts , (Cambridge, UK : Basil Blackwell, 1991)

3. Hubert L Dreyfus, "Heidegger's Critique of the Husserl/Searle Account of Intentionality," Social Research Vol. 60, No. 1, (Spring 1993).

4. John Searle, “The Limits of Phenomenology”, Heidegger, Coping, and Cognitive Science: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, Volume Two, MIT Press, 2000.

5. Hubert L. Dreyfus, “Phenomenological Description versus Rational Reconstruction”, La Revue Internationale de Philosophie, l999

6. John Searle, “Neither Phenomenological Description nor Rational Reconstruction”, La Revue Internationale de Philosophie l999

7. Hubert L. Dreyfus, “The Primacy of Phenomenology over Logical Analysis”, 1999

8. Hubert Dreyfus, ‘The Current Relevance of Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Embodiment’, Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy (1996),

The two contenders:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle

Unit 10 - October 31st

10 Institutional order

J.L. Austin, Ho to do things with words
http://www.dwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/rhe321/Austin-How-To-Do-Things.pdf

Who is Austin?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin
http://www.iep.utm.edu/austin/

John Searle, What is a speech act
Download pdf

Who is Searle?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle

Pierre Bourdieu, The social conditions for the effectiveness of ritual discourse (1975)

On Speech Act Theory you must consult:
Marina Sbisà, Speech acts in context (2002)
Marina Sbisà, Speech acts theory (2006)
Marina Sbisà, How to read Austin (2007)

Other interesting articles by Marina Sbisà in ITALIAN:
J.L. Austin e la teoria degli atti linguistici (ppt presentation)
Atto/Act

Marina Sbisà's home page:
http://www2.units.it/sbisama/it/?file=scritti.htm

Unit 9 - October 29th

9 Ritual and symbolism

E. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, 1912
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Durkheim_emile/formes_vie_religieuse/formes_vie_religieuse.html
ENGLISH translation (1995):
http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/DurkheimReligiousLife.pdf
ITALIAN translation, please check in the University Library:
http://www.cbt.trentinocultura.net/LVbin//LibriVision/lv_view_records.html
(I suggest the new translation by Massimo Rosati, 2005)

BOOK II, Chapter 7: "Origins of these beliefs (Conclusion): Origin of the notion of totemic principle, or mana" (p. 207-241)
BOOK III, Chapter III: "The positive cult (Continuation): Mimetic rites and the principle of causality" (p. 355-373)

Schutz A. "Symbols, reality and society", in Symbols and Society, L. Bryson, L. Finkelstein, H. Hoagland e R. McIver (eds.), New York, Harper, 1955, pp. 135-204 (then in A. Schutz, Collected Papers, Den Haag : Nijhoff, 1962-1966).

Symbol

Etymology

Etimologia

Unit 2 - October 3rd

Winkin, Y. (2001). Anthropologie de la communication: de la théorie au terrain. Paris : Seuil.

Two ways of representing the idea of communication

I
1
the basic mechanism is transformation of ideas (internal ) into words (external )
the words , to the other side of the "string ", again become "thoughts"
model " encoding - decoding " : communication starts “inside” an individual and ends “inside” another individual
" individualist " conception: (a ) each individual is a separate and independent unit, which is related to another individual as a separate and autonomous unit; (b) each individual is composed of "body" and "soul" , where the body is the container of the soul
communication is used to fill the gap and the space that exists between individual and individual
language as the only means of communication, which in turn is an instrument for the transmission of thoughts.

2
communication is a social activity , something different from the inter-individual transmission of something
communication rests on a matrix of symbols and meanings , codes, rules , which are those of the culture
it is culture that makes possible the regularity and the predictability of communication exchanges and the relations between members of the same culture
culture does not depend on individuals , but it is what allows an individual to fit into a continuous, perpetual, " immortal " flow ( Garfinkel )

II
1
communication is an essentially verbal , oral or written
the protagonists of this process are mouth and ears, or hands and eyes
certain activities of the body (reflexes, instincts, emotions , etc.) produce " noise" that can disrupt the good result of the transmission process

2
"participating to communication" happens in different modalities, verbal or “non-verbal” (caution!!)
informative or " denotative " communication is just an extreme case of specific and limited communication
most of the times the communicative activities are activities of control , integration , in which redundancy and repetition play an important role
what matters for a researcher is not so much the analysis of the content of the information, as the context and the meaning of communication
the meaning is not fixed once and for all, is not something unique and established as in a dictionary

III
1
communication is rational and voluntary (if it is not intentional or unconscious is not communication)
is the activity of man par excellence (not of animals)
one is interested in “non-verbal” communication when there is some kind of explicit convention for the use of signs , as in the language of the deaf
communication is the product of (and it is established by) the intentionality of the person - emitter

2
the intention of the actor is not a requirement of the communication
in social interaction intentionality could be one of the many " variables " of communication
the intention can be recognized , denied, negotiated , passed over in silence, could be absent, and so on.

IV
1
communication , as a conscious and voluntary act , may be subject to normative judgment (aesthetic and ethical )
communication may succeed or fail, be good or bad , normal or pathological , effective or ineffective
can be taught , corrected , prescribed , and so on

2
The criteria that a social group uses to establish the correctness of certain behaviors that are considered possible acceptable rational appropriate (etc.) communicative activities in a society constitute an object of analysis ( not a resource )

V
1
communication can be considered as a series of linear sequences that go by the emitter and end at the receiver, and then again by the receiver to the emitter, which now becomes the receiver
the receipt of a message causes the emission of a second message (according to the stimulus-response model, action-reaction)

2
the most appropriate model for the representation of communication seems to be the " system " in which there is mutual , often simultaneous and overlapping " availability " and " accessibility"
the stimulus-response model (or action and reaction) is replaced by a substantially circular transaction (confirmation or disconfirmation)
very important is the temporal aspect of communication, but as “sharing the same time”

VI
1
as in a laboratory , the researcher can observe or produce under the microscope communication sequences
the way we communicate is influenced by well- determined "variables"
the researcher is located out of the system or attempts to neutralize the effects of its presence on the system
communication studies are based on statistical methods of aggregating individual information

2
the researcher is a necessary part of the system that he/she studies
the resources that he/she uses for the analysis are the same resources used to communicate by the people he/she studies
it may be useful to keep distance from the social system under scrutiny, especially if we want to know in depth about (through concrete experience) the resources that are used to communicate – often without knowing it, as a matter of fact, taken-for-granted
but at the same time it is important to be in the system to be able to grasp the competent technical aspects which otherwise are understandable only in general terms

VII
1
The best image to represent this model is the telegram, the telegraph, email:
1. A decides to send a message to B;
2. The message is encoded, sent, received, decoded, understood or not understood;
3. B can then in turn send a message to A, following the same path;
4. etc..
the act of communication is: verbal, intentional, linear, limited in time and space
the content of communication is generally denotative, explicit, informative

2
The best image to represent this model is the orchestra : the members of a culture are involved in communication as the musicians participating in the orchestra
In social life only in a few special cases there is a conductor and a score to follow ( the university lecture is such an exception )
In social life the members of the orchestra typically they conduct each other, they teach each other what to do next
if the researcher tries to transcribe the tune or the "symphony" of social life, then many of the complexities of social relationships are discovered and heard for the first time
… and then even what seemed only noise and annoyance ( an obstacle to the clarity of the transmission of the information) would become meaningful part of the communicative situation

Unit 8 - October 24th

8 Interaction order

Erving Goffman, The Interaction Order. American Sociological Review , Vol. 48, No. 1 (Feb., 1983), pp. 1-17
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095141
In ITALIAN:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788871448244/goffman-erving-zzz99-giglioli/ordine-dell-interazione.html

ERVING GOFFMAN "Normal appearances", in Relations in Public. Microstudies of the Public Order. Basic Books, New York, 1971, 238-333.
Download pdf
In ITALIAN:
http://www.raffaellocortina.it/relazioni-in-pubblico
(see in FRENCH the Fiche de lecture [a summary of the book] - novembre 2006 by Frédéric Ponce)

But remember: "There is no substitute for reading Goffman in the original”! (Greg Smith, Erving Goffman, Routledge, 2006, p. 130).

For additional information:

Philip Manning, Erving Goffman (1922-1982), Encyclopedia of Social Sciences

Obituary in the NTY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman

Two interesting recent articles usig Goffman's ideas and insights:

- Haddington, Pentti et. al (2012). Civil Inattention in Public Places: Normalising Unusual Events through Mobile and Embodied Practices [62 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(3), Art. 7,
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs120375.
Abstract: This article builds on GOFFMAN's work to study how pedestrians display their orientation to unusual events in public places. It focuses on the mobile and embodied conduct of those passing a smartmob event in which a performing group "froze" in a busy transit hub for four minutes. The data comprise audio-video recordings of the event. We identify and analyse routinised mobile and embodied practices by which passers-by "normalise" the unusual event. These include different organisations of body behaviour and the ways in which passers-by walk around and between the performers as individuals and groups. The findings are supported with illustrations.

- “The Interaction Order of Public Bathrooms” by Spencer E. Cahill
http://angelabarian.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/cahill-bathrooms.pdf

Unit 7 - October 22nd

7 Frame

G. Bateson, A theory of play and fantasy, 1955
http://sashabarab.com/syllabi/games_learning/bateson.pdf
Bateson's essay is translated into ITALIAN and it is included in this book:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788845915352/bateson-gregory/verso-ecologia-della.html

A. Schutz, On Multiple Realities, 1945
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2102818
Check the ITALIAN translation of the article in this book:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=347195

Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis, Chapters 1-3
http://www.scribd.com/doc/83646510/Erving-Goffman-Frame-Analysis-an-Essay-on-the-Organization-of-Experience-1974
The ITALIAN translation:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788883582332/goffman-erving/frame-analysis-organizzazione.html

In the web there are a lot of resources on the Frame Analysis. See for instance:
http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/methods/publications/frameanalysis/index.html

Unit 6 - October 17th

6 Self

G.H. Mead, Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: Chicago University Press, part III, chapters 1, 2, 3
http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/mindself/Mead_1934_toc.html
In ITALIAN:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788809745605/mead-george-h/mente-s-e-e-societ-a.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=589612&v=l&dcnr=3

Erving Goffman, Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, 1959, Introduction & Chapter 1
http://www.units.miamioh.edu/technologyandhumanities/goffman.pdf

In ITALIAN:
http://www.mulino.it/edizioni/volumi/scheda_volume.php?vista=scheda&ISBNART=05962
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/search?q=La+vita+quotidiana+come+rappresentazione&v=l&f=catalog_source%3ANRA&h=any_bc&s=10&o=score

E. Goffman, "Characteristics of total institutions", in Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Doubleday, 1961, pp. 3-124
Download the pdf
Download the pdf in ITALIAN:
http://www.ristretti.it/areestudio/cultura/libri/asylums.pdf

(see also a recent paper by Seamus Mac Suibhne, Erving Goffman’s Asylums 50 years on, BJP January 2011: http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/198/1/1.full.pdf+html)

Unit 5 - October 15th

5 Group

Asch S. E. ( 1956). "Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority". Psychological Monographs
http://psyc604.stasson.org/Asch1956.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Asch
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asch_conformity_experiments

Milgram, Stanley (1963). "Behavioral Study of Obedience". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67(4): 371–8
http://web.ebscohost.com.ezp.biblio.unitn.it/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=37855e60-eb17-4115-abaa-e748e4c1b621%40sessionmgr4&hid=14

Milgram, Stanley GROUP PRESSURE AND ACTION AGAINST A PERSON. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology , Aug1964, Vol. 69 Issue 2, p137-143
http://web.ebscohost.com.ezp.biblio.unitn.it/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=37855e60-eb17-4115-abaa-e748e4c1b621%40sessionmgr4&hid=14

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment

A. King, The word of command, 2006
http://afs.sagepub.com/content/32/4/493.full.pdf+html

A. K. Goldsworthy, The Othismos, Myths and Heresies: The Nature of Hoplite Battle 1997
http://www.xlegio.ru/pdfs/othismos.pdf

What it is expected from you in the L&S class

1. Attending the class (being in the class, participating to the activities, being informed regarding the schedule and the blog that will be always updated)

2. Writing 1 memo each week; 10 memos are due at the end of the course.

(Consider that the course is made of 24 units, 2 units each week, 12 weeks. Given that one week has been reserved for the introduction and that another (probably) wouldn’t require readings, there are 20 units in which there are required readings. For half of them you are required to write a memo).

Memos are not graded but must be posted on due time (see the post “What is a memo”). For each memo not posted on time you will get 1 point less in the final grade. For each memo missed you will get 2 points less in the final grade.

3. Writing a final paper. Your grade will be based on this final paper. Details on how to write the final paper will be available soon. 

Seminar "The Four Fundamental Forms of Social Relationships" in Rovereto

I invite you all to attend to the seminar

The Four Fundamental Forms of Social Relationships

Where: Rovereto - Palazzo Fedrigotti, corso Bettini n. 31

When: 8 October 2013, h.11.30

Prof. Alan Page Fiske - University of California, Los Angeles
http://www.anthro.ucla.edu/people/faculty?lid=764
http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/

Abstract
Humans generate the infinite complexity and diversity of their sociality by implementing combinations of just four elementary relational models. Communal sharing (CS) is a relationship of equivalence in which participants coordinate their interaction with respect to something they have in common. CS organizes romantic love, the cohesion of soldiers in a unit or members of a team, as well as larger scale ethnic, national, gender, or species identification. The relational structure of CS is homologous to that of a nominal scale of measurement. Authority ranking (AR) is a linear ordering in which subordinates owe deference and respect, while superiors must provide leadership, guidance, wisdom, and protection. Examples are military hierarchies, seniority systems, and age-based ranking. The structure of AR is that of an ordinal scale. Equality matching (EM) is a relationship in which people keep track of whether they are evenly balanced, or what they need to do to match each other. Examples are turn-taking, balanced in-kind reciprocity, lotteries, voting, and eye-for-an-eye vengeance. EM has the structure of an interval scale, or, more technically, an ordered Abelian group. Market pricing (MP) relationships are organized with respect to a socially meaningful ratio, rate, or proportion. MP organizes utilitarian moral reasoning, proportional justice, efficiency standards, cost-benefit social decision making, as well as prices, rents, wages, interest, taxes, tithes, and fines. (It is crucial to note that MP is not necessarily selfish, individualistic, or maximizing.) The structure of MP is homologous to a ratio scale (an Archimedean ordered field). Each of these relational models is intrinsically motivated, and people implicitly use each of them to generate, interpret, coordinate, evaluate virtually all of their social relationships. However, people can only implement a relational model with reference to cultural prototypes, precedents, and precepts that specify how, when, where, and with whom it should operate. The theory has been supported by hundreds of experimental and observational studies on a wide range of phenomenon by scores of researchers using a great variety of methods to study populations from many cultures.

http://www.unitn.it/cogsci/evento/31446/the-four-fundamental-forms-of-social-relationships

Rescheduling of the hours is approved!

Starting from Tuesday 8th, the class has a new schedule:

Tuesday 6pm-8pm

Thursday 6pm-8pm 

See:

http://www.unitn.it/sociologia/8053/variazioni-orario-lezioni-ed-esami

The room is the same as before (room 14)

All the best!

What is a memo?

A memo is a reading note. Usually when you read a text you keep notes on what you are reading. The memo for the class is a sort a revised note in which you re-write your reading notes in a more structured fashion than simply an abbreviated note-taking. Furthermore, the memo for the class could have (but not necessarily) a focal point, where instead the abbreviated note-taking has a more occasional character.

The memo for the class is a short assessment of the reading in which you can address critically some points (probably no more than two, given than the memo should be short), you can give a smart summary of the text, you can provide your thoughts about what you have read, you can offer some evidence or personal experience or other empirical material on which we could reflect in connection with the readings (the list of the things you can do with your memo is not completed, these are just some initial suggestions and you can play with it with creativity).

The memo has a threefold purpose: 1. to prepare students for a more informed class discussion (for you), 2. to serve for your fellow colleagues as a possible access to textual material they haven’t read (for them), 3. and to demonstrate your involvement with the reading assigned (for me). Make your memos specific enough that they will be useful several weeks later; including several concrete points can be very useful. Because the notes are meant for students' use and are not graded, they do not need to be proofread (your English is perfectly fit for that), or written in any formal manner.

But your memo must have a title and could include: (a) the main points of the reading, (b) definitions of major concepts and methods and examples of their use in the text, (c) significant quotations and items that you find interesting (use quotation marks, with the page number), (d) your reactions/questions/critiques/linkages with other authors/etc.

Reading notes on the day’s readings are due no later than at the beginning of each class.

These notes should be no longer than one standard page (about 2500 characters, spaces included).

Your note should be posted on the comments space of the course’s blog for each unit (not sent to me by email). In this way your notes can be shared with the other fellows.

Rules & requirements for the class

Language & Society 2013-2014

Attending to the class is not mandatory (there is no role call); in any case it is strongly suggested that you be in the class. Once you have committed to participate in the class then I assume that you will be in the class unless something unexpected or unfortunate happens. Please don’t schedule any activities that would require you to miss the class. If you know you won’t be able to come in a class, please let me know (email message or personal communication).

You are requested to participate in the class not only by bringing your body but also your mind. It means that you are invited to actively engage in activities like asking questions, presenting your ideas, discussing the readings, make empirical observation, advancing evidences, etc. Don’t expect formal lecturing by the professor!

Do the readings by the day on which they are assigned! This point is very important: please do your best to be on time with the reading of the day and your memo! Our class discussions will be based on the readings for that day: you must be knowledgeable of the issues that will be presented each day. And remember to bring the assigned readings to class (even in your laptop) with you every day of the class meeting.

Please come to class prepared. Do the readings before class, think critically about the material, post the memo on time, actively participate in discussions, and be personally invested in learning the most from this academic opportunity. You will be expected to actively participate in an effort to ensure also your classmates understanding of the ideas presented in class and presented in the required readings. You will be teaching to your own classmate what you have learned!

For every class, I recommend you set aside enough time for reading of the texts and writing your memo or reading notes. I recommend that you do the reading as soon as you can before the day it is assigned. Sometimes the readings are demanding and you would need some time to digest and assimilate their “messages”.

You are encouraged to use your laptop while the class is in session, even if random web surfing is disturbing. Notes should be taken. For this to be possible you will need your laptop but remember that also a paper and a pen are sometimes of help ☺

Unit 4 - October 10th

4 The constitution of the perceptual world

Max Wertheimer (1923) Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms

http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Wertheimer/Forms/forms.htm

A. Gurwitsch, Some principles of Gestalt theory, in The Field of consciousness, 1964, pp. 87-153
Download the pdf

M. Merleau-Ponty, Le primat de la perception et ses conséquences philosophiques, 1946

Download the pdf (only in ITALIAN)

In ENGLISH you can read "The phenomenal field", in Phenomenology of perception, pp. 60-74
https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/download/attachments/73535007/Phenomenology+of+Perception.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1286305678000

(in French you can read also: La perception selon Merleau-Ponty - Philopsis)

Do you want to know more about these guys? Check here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimer
http://www.gurwitsch.net/bio.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty

References for beginners

General introductions and consultations

John Stolte, Gary Alan Fine and Karen Cook. Sociological Miniaturism: Seeing the Big Through the Small in Social Psychology. Annual Review of Sociology 27, 2001, 387-413.

Randall Collins, On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology, American Journal of Sociology 86, 1981, 984-1014.

Gary Alan Fine, "On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology: Constraint and the Exterior Reality of Structure." The Sociological Quarterly. 32, 1991, 161-177.

Nina Eliasoph and Paul Lichterman, Culture in Interaction, American Journal of Sociology 108, 2003, 735-94.

Collins, Randall. 1994. "The Microinteractionist Tradition." Chapter 4 in Four Sociological Traditions. (pp. 242-290) New York: Oxford University Press.

Wieder, D. Lawrence (1999) ‘Ethnomethodology, Conversation, Analysis, Microanalysis, and the Ethnography of Speaking (EM-CA-MA-ES): resonances and basic issues’, Research on Language and Social Interaction 32: 163-71

Carey, A Cultural Approach to Communication CHAPTER 1 Communication as culture

Online resources

Online Repertoires:

Symbolic Interactionism:
http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/inventory5.html

Erving Goffman Archives:
http://cdclv.unlv.edu//ega/

Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis:
http://www.paultenhave.nl/resource.htm (thank you Paul!)

Language and Social Interaction (pedagogical resources)

VIDEO!

Social interaction: Chaplin boxing!
See this video clip!

Visual (optical) "illusions"

Ash conformity experiment

Milgram obedience study

August Landmesser

Hitler's Willing Executioners on Wikipedia (about the debate between Daniel Goldhagen and Christopher Browning)

Mary Douglas' How institutions think, 1986, p. 9:

Norbert Elias, configurations and football

Max Weber, what is (not) social action, or: showers, umbrellas & people

Braveheart: Battle of Sterling

The dirty dozen , repeat action in the castle

Die Welle, The wave (movie, 2008)

If this is a man (Primo Levi)

The debate about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5

with the British Psychological Society response, June 2011:

"The Society recommends a revision of the way mental distress is thought about, starting with recognition of the overwhelming evidence that it is on a spectrum with 'normal' experience, and that psychosocial factors such as poverty, unemployment and trauma are the most strongly-evidenced causal factors. Rather than applying preordained diagnostic categories to clinical populations, we believe that any classification system should begin from the bottom up – starting with specific experiences, problems or ‘symptoms’ or ‘complaints’"

http://www.bps.org.uk/news/debate-over-basis-psychiatric-diagnosis

NYT review of the book The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/books/review/the-anatomy-of-violence-by-adrian-raine.html?_r=0

frame (wiki)












truman show

truman show 2

The purple rose of Cairo

The purple rose of Cairo 2

Who framed Roger Rabbit

Max Weber, What is culture
“’culture is a finite segment of the meaningless infinity of the world process, a segment on which human beings confer meaning and significance”
"Essay on objectivity" (1904), in Essays in the Methodology of the Social Sciences (Engl. Transl. 1949), p. 81

Max Weber, What is sociology
"Sociology (in the sense in which this-highly ambiguous word is used here) is a science concerning itself with the interpretive understanding of social action and thereby with a causal explanation of its course and consequences. We shall speak of 'action' insofar as the acting individual attaches a subjective meaning to his behavior-be it overt or covert, omission or acquiescence. Action is 'social' insofar as its subjective meaning takes account of the behavior of others and is thereby oriented in its course"
Economy and Society, p. 5

Senses and our favorite food!

Pavlov's dogs

Outstanding web site!
The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.
See the section on bee language!
http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/news/features/feature5













conversing twins

Bobby McFerrin Demonstrates the Power of the Pentatonic Scale

32 out of sync metronomes end up synchronizing

Dr. Michael Tomasello, of the Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, discusses his article for the 2013 Annual Review of Psychology, titled "Origins of Human Cooperation and Morality."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOHxsZBD3Us

A Nonsense Anthology, Collected by Carolyn Wells (1910)

Get inspired! Read this even before writing your final paper!
http://www.slideshare.net/brianoconnell/basic-research-paper-writing-skills

Unit 3 - October 8th

3 Temporal organization of the activities

A. Schutz, Making music together, 1951

http://www.jstor.org/stable/40969255
This paper is translated into ITALIAN in this book:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788878026896/schu-tz-alfred/frammenti-fenomenologia-della.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=2879156

Additional information on Alfred Schutz:

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schutz/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sch%C3%BCtz

Halbwachs,La mémoire collective chez les musiciens, 1939 (original French version):

http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Halbwachs_maurice/memoire_coll_musiciens/memoire_coll_musiciens.html

This paper is translated into ITALIAN in this book:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788840007229/halbwachs-maurice-zzz99-jedlowski/memoria-collettiva.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=254656&v=l&dcnr=4

Additional information on Maurice Halbwachs:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs

Ryave, A. Lincoln/Schenkein, James N. (1974): Notes on the Art of Walking. In: Turner, Roy (Ed.): Ethnomethodology. Middlesex: Pinguin, S. 265-274
Here download the pdf

Margaret Gilbert, Walking together: a paradigmatic social phenomenon

http://www.anikafiebich.com/resources/GILBERT+1.pdf

To know more about Margaret Gilbert:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gilbert

Schedule of the class

Language and Society 2013-2014

Prof. Giolo Fele

giolo.fele@unitn.it

0461 283716

Tuesday 9-11, room 14

Thursday 16-18, room 14

NEW HOURS!

Tuesday 18-20, room 14

Thursday 18-20, room 14

remember to write it in your agenda! 

Schedule of the class

October

Tuesday 1

Thursday 3

Tuesday 8

Thursday 10

Tuesday 15

Thursday 17

Tuesday 22

Thursday 24

Tuesday 29

Thursday 31

November

Tuesday 5

Thursday 7 NO CLASS

Tuesday 12

Thursday 14

Tuesday 19

Thursday 21

Tuesday 26

Thursday 28 NO CLASS

December

Tuesday 3

Thursday 5

Tuesday 10

Thursday 12 NO CLASS - Universiadi

Tuesday 17

Thursday 19 NO CLASS - Universiadi

Content of the course

Content of the course, week by week, day by day

1.       Introduction

2.       Two models for communication (Winkin)

3.       Two examples (Temporal organization of the activities):
making music together (Schutz, Halbwacks), walking together (Ryave & Schenkhein, Gilbert)

4.       The constitution of the perceptual world (Gestalt Theory): Wertheimer, Gurwitsch, Merleau-Ponty

5.       Group: Ash, Milgram, military (King, Goldworthy)

6.       Self: Mead, Goffman, Blumer

7.       Frame Analysis: Bateson, Schutz, Goffman

8.       Interaction order: Goffman

9.       Ritual and symbolism: Durkheim, Schutz

10.   Institutional order (speech acts): Austin, Searle, Sbisà

11.   Action, activities, intentionality: Searle, Dreyfus

12.   Emotions: Goffman, Mauss,

13.   Senses: Simmel, Watson, Rotter

14.   Meaning and interpretation: Mead, Malinowski, Geertz, Gadamer

15.   Filogenesis, ontogenesis: Tomasello, Clark, Levinson

16.   Animals: Sumpter, Goode, Strum & Latour, Clever Hans, Pavlov (yawning)

17.   Fields and worlds: Park, Blumer, Becker

18.   Linguistics and Sociolinguistics (context): Saussure, Hymes,

19.   Ethno-methodology: Garfinkel, Liberman, Livingston, Bjelic,

20.   Talking together (conversation analysis): Sacks, Schegloff

21.   Transcription 1, Theory: Duranti,

22. Transcription 2, Practice:   

23.   Workplace studies: Goodwin, Heath

24.   Institutional interaction:

Bibliography

Language and Society 2013-2014

Bibliography

3

A. Schutz, Making music together, 1951

http://www.jstor.org/stable/40969255
This paper is translated into ITALIAN in this book:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788878026896/schu-tz-alfred/frammenti-fenomenologia-della.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=2879156

Additional information on Alfred Schutz:

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schutz/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sch%C3%BCtz

Halbwachs,La mémoire collective chez les musiciens, 1939 (original French version):

http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Halbwachs_maurice/memoire_coll_musiciens/memoire_coll_musiciens.html

This paper is translated into ITALIAN in this book:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788840007229/halbwachs-maurice-zzz99-jedlowski/memoria-collettiva.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=254656&v=l&dcnr=4

Additional information on Maurice Halbwachs:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs

Ryave, A. Lincoln/Schenkein, James N. (1974): Notes on the Art of Walking. In: Turner, Roy (Ed.): Ethnomethodology. Middlesex: Pinguin, S. 265-274
Here download the pdf

Margaret Gilbert, Walking together: a paradigmatic social phenomenon

http://www.anikafiebich.com/resources/GILBERT+1.pdf

To know more about Margaret Gilbert:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gilbert

4

Max Wertheimer (1923) Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms

http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Wertheimer/Forms/forms.htm

A. Gurwitsch, Some principles of Gestalt theory, in The Field of consciousness, 1964, pp. 87-153
Download the pdf

M. Merleau-Ponty, Le primat de la perception et ses conséquences philosophiques, 1946

Download the pdf (only in ITALIAN)

La perception selon Merleau-Ponty - Philopsis

http://www.philopsis.fr/IMG/pdf_perception_merleau-ponty_dupond.pdf

5

Asch S. E. ( 1956). "Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority". Psychological Monographs,

 http://psyc604.stasson.org/Asch1956.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Asch

Milgram, Stanley (1963). "Behavioral Study of Obedience". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67(4): 371–8

http://web.ebscohost.com.ezp.biblio.unitn.it/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=37855e60-eb17-4115-abaa-e748e4c1b621%40sessionmgr4&hid=14

Milgram, Stanley GROUP PRESSURE AND ACTION AGAINST A PERSON. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology , Aug1964, Vol. 69 Issue 2, p137-143

http://web.ebscohost.com.ezp.biblio.unitn.it/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=37855e60-eb17-4115-abaa-e748e4c1b621%40sessionmgr4&hid=14

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment

A. King, The word of command, 2006

http://afs.sagepub.com/content/32/4/493.full.pdf+html

A. K. Goldsworthy, The Othismos, Myths and Heresies: The Nature of Hoplite Battle 1997

http://www.xlegio.ru/pdfs/othismos.pdf

6

G.H. Mead, Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: Chicago University Press chap. 18, 19, 20

http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/mindself/Mead_1934_toc.html

In ITALIAN:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788809745605/mead-george-h/mente-s-e-e-societ-a.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=589612&v=l&dcnr=3

Erving Goffman, Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, 1959, Introduction & Chapter 1
http://www.units.miamioh.edu/technologyandhumanities/goffman.pdf
In ITALIAN:
http://www.mulino.it/edizioni/volumi/scheda_volume.php?vista=scheda&ISBNART=05962
Check the University Library System:

http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/search?q=La+vita+quotidiana+come+rappresentazione&v=l&f=catalog_source%3ANRA&h=any_bc&s=10&o=score

E. Goffman, "Characteristics of total institutions", in Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Doubleday, 1961, pp. 3-124

Download the pdf
in ITALIAN:
http://www.ristretti.it/areestudio/cultura/libri/asylums.pdf

(see also a recent paper by Seamus Mac Suibhne, Erving Goffman’s Asylums 50 years on, BJP January 2011: http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/198/1/1.full.pdf+html)

7

Bateson, A theory of play and fantasy, 1955

http://sashabarab.com/syllabi/games_learning/bateson.pdf

Schutz, On Multiple Realities, 1945
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2102818

Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis, Chapters 1-3

http://www.scribd.com/doc/83646510/Erving-Goffman-Frame-Analysis-an-Essay-on-the-Organization-of-Experience-1974

8

Erving Goffman, The Interaction Order. American Sociological Review , Vol. 48, No. 1 (Feb., 1983), pp. 1-17
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095141

ERVING GOFFMAN Relations in Public. Microstudies of the Public Order. Basic Books, New York, 1971

9

E. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, 1912
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Durkheim_emile/formes_vie_religieuse/formes_vie_religieuse.html
ENGLISH translation (1995):
http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/DurkheimReligiousLife.pdf

Schutz A. "Symbols, reality and society", in Symbols and Society, L. Bryson, L. Finkelstein, H. Hoagland e R. McIver (eds.), New York, Harper, 1955, pp. 135-204 (then in A. Schutz, Collected Papers, Den Haag : Nijhoff, 1962-1966).

10

J.L. Austin, Ho to do things with words

http://www.dwrl.utexas.edu/~davis/crs/rhe321/Austin-How-To-Do-Things.pdf

Who is Austin?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin
http://www.iep.utm.edu/austin/

John Searle, What is a speech act

Download pdf
Who is Searle?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle

Marina Sbisà, Speech acts in context (2002)
http://www.csl.sony.fr/downloads/papers/2002/sbisa-02a.pdf

Marina Sbisà, How to read Austin (2007)

Other interesting articles by Marina Sbisà in ITALIAN:
J.L. Austin e la teoria degli atti linguistici (ppt presentation)

Atto/Act

Marina Sbisà's home page:
http://www2.units.it/sbisama/it/?file=scritti.htm

11

1. Hubert DREYFUS and Jerome WAKEFIELD, "Intentionality and the Phenomenology of Action", John Searle and his Critics, E. Lepore & R. Van Guhck, edts., (Cambridge, UK : Basil Blackwell, 1991), 264

2. John R. SEARLE, "Response : The Background of Intentionality and Action," in John Searle and his Critics, E. Lepore & R. Van Guhck, edts , (Cambridge, UK : Basil Blackwell, 1991)

3. Hubert L Dreyfus, "Heidegger's Critique of the Husserl/Searle Account of Intentionality," Social Research Vol. 60, No. 1, (Spring 1993).

4. John Searle, “The Limits of Phenomenology”, Heidegger, Coping, and Cognitive Science: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, Volume Two, MIT Press, 2000.

5. Hubert L. Dreyfus, “Phenomenological Description versus Rational Reconstruction”, La Revue Internationale de Philosophie, l999

6. John Searle, “Neither Phenomenological Description nor Rational Reconstruction”, La Revue Internationale de Philosophie l999

7. Hubert L. Dreyfus, “The Primacy of Phenomenology over Logical Analysis”, 1999

8. Hubert Dreyfus, ‘The Current Relevance of Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Embodiment’, Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy (1996), 

The two contenders:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle

12

M. Mauss, “L'expression obligatoire des sentiments (rituels oraux funéraires australiens”. (1921)
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/mauss_marcel/essais_de_socio/T3_expression_sentiments/expression_sentiments.html
The ENGLISH translation (with an introduction by C. Garces and A. Jones, 2009)
http://anthropology.cornell.edu/faculty/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=139765
The ITALIAN translation:
http://www.adelphi.it/libro/9788845902475

Erving Goffman Response Cries, Language , Vol. 54, No. 4 (Dec., 1978), pp. 787-815
http://www.jstor.org/stable/413235
The ITALIAN translation is in this book (chap. 2):
http://www.mulino.it/edizioni/volumi/scheda_volume.php?vista=scheda&ISBNART=01552

Arlie Russell Hochschild, 1979. "Emotion Work, Feeling Rules and Social Structure." American Journal of Sociology 85, 3: 551-575.
https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/II.%20Emotions/1979%20Hochschild%20-%20Emotion%20Work.pdf

Arnold Arluke. “Managing Emotions in an Animal Shelter.” Inside Social Life, pp. 337-351

oppure

Spencer E. Cahill and Robin Eggleston, Managing Emotions in Public: The Case of Wheelchair Users, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1994), pp. 300-312
http://renazito.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/cahill-and-eggleston-1994-managing-emotions-in-public.pdf

13

Simmel, Excursus on the sociology of the senses, in Sociology (or. ed. 1908)

In GERMAN:

http://socio.ch/sim/soziologie/soz_9_ex2.htm

In ENGLISH
In ITALIAN

Gale Peter Largey and David Rodney Watson The Sociology of Odors, American Journal of Sociology , Vol. 77, No. 6 (May, 1972), pp. 1021-1034
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776218

Rotter 2011 Empires of the Senses - How Seeing, Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, and Touching Shaped Imperial Encounters

http://dh.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/3.short

14

G.H. Mead, Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: Chicago University Press capp. 8, 9, 10, 11

http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/mindself/Mead_1934_toc.html

In ITALIAN:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788809745605/mead-george-h/mente-s-e-e-societ-a.html
Check the University Library System:
http://www.cbt.biblioteche.provincia.tn.it/oseegenius/resource?uri=589612&v=l&dcnr=3

B. Malinowski, The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages

pp.296-336

http://s-f-walker.org.uk/pubsebooks/pdfs/ogden-richards-meaning-all.pdf

C. Geertz, Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture, pp. 3-32

http://monoskop.org/images/5/54/Geertz_Clifford_The_Interpretation_of_Cultures_Selected_Essays.pdf
In ITALIAN see:
http://www.ibs.it/code/9788815066930/geertz-clifford/interpretazione-culture.html

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. Trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall. London: Sheed and Ward, 1975. Rev. Ed. London: Continuum, 1989. EXCERPTS:

http://www.rlwclarke.net/courses/LITS3303/2008-2009/11CGadamerTruthandMethod.pdf

http://www.ualberta.ca/~caaftink/Gadamer.pdf

In ITALIAN see:

http://www.ibs.it/code/9788845248559/gadamer-hans-g/verit-a-e-metodo-vol.html

15

Tomasello-Carpenter 2007 shared intentionality

http://www.eva.mpg.de/psycho/pdf/Publications_2007_PDF/Shared_intentionality_07.pdf

clark social-actions, social commitments 06

http://www.cs.utep.edu/dynamics/clark-social-actions-06.pdf

Levinson 2006 On the human interactional engine

http://www.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/Levinson-HumanInteractionEngine.pdf

16

Goode 2006 Playing with my Dog Katie - An Ethnomethodological Study of Dog-Human Interaction

http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/titles/playing-my-dog-katie-ethno-methodological-study-caninehuman-interaction

Clever Hans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clever_Hans

Sumpter 2006 The principles of collective animal behaviour

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626537/

S. Strum et B. Latour, « The Meanings of Social : from Baboons to Humans » [1987])

http://www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/30-STRUM-LATOUR-SOCIAL-GB.pdf

17

Robert E. Park, "Human Ecology", 1936
http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2768859?&Search=yes&searchText=%22Robert+E.+Park%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Robert%2BE.%2BPark%2522%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=23&ttl=223&returnArticleService=showArticleInfo

Robert E. Park, "The city", 1915
http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2763406?&Search=yes&searchText=%22Robert+E.+Park%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Robert%2BE.%2BPark%2522%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=15&ttl=223&returnArticleService=showArticleInfo

http://csiss.ncgia.ucsb.edu/classics/content/26

Strauss, A. 1978. "A Social World Perspective. Pp. 119-128 in N. Denzin (ed.), Studies
in Symbolic Interaction 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press

Anselm L. Strauss "SOCIAL WORLDS AND SPATIAL PROCESSES", 1979
http://dne2.ucsf.edu/public/anselmstrauss/pdf/work-socworlds_spatial.pdf

Becker, H. S. 1976. "Art as Collective Action." American Sociological Review

39:767-776.

Becker, H. S. 1976. "Art Worlds and Social Types." American Behavioral Scientist
19:703-718.

18

Saussure

Hymes

19

Harold Garfinkel, Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities. Social Problems 11, 1964, 225-50.

Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. "Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities" - Chapter 2 (pp. 35-75). In Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.

Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. "Passing and the Managed Achievement of Sex Status in an "Intersexed" Person Part 1" - Chapter 5 (pp. 116-185). In Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press. Reader

Liberman

Livingston

Bjelic

20

S. E. Clayman and V.T. Gill. 2012. "Conversation Analysis." Pp. 120-134 in James Paul

Gee and Michael Handford (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis. New

York: Routledge

H. Sacks. 1989. "Lecture 1: Rules of Conversational Sequence." Human Studies 12: 217-

227.

Emmanuel Schegloff and Harvey Sacks, AOpening Up Closings.@ Semiotica 8, 1973, 289-327.

21

Duranti

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)

23

Goodwin

Heath

24

t.b.a.