Research proposal to conduct a comparative ethnographic study on the meaning of self-controlled death. Discovering differences in meaning, staging, emotions and rituals between euthanasia in Belgium and the Netherlands and assisted suicide in Switzerland.
1. Research topic and main aims of the research; The research aims to describe how the dying, the caring and the loving make sense and deal with each other in such an intense situation as a self-chosen death. In addition, it aims to identify the differences in staging, meaning, emotions and rituals between the two different procedures of euthanasia and assisted suicide. The study tries to explore the personal consequences of the different policies regarding the people involved. Many is still unknown and in most countries, any kind of a self-chosen death is rejected. Exploring the impact these different kinds of self-chosen-death policies will most likely not only increase the knowledge of how people deal with this final act, but the study may also provide some insights into how policies on a self-chosen end may be improved.
2. Brief reconstruction and critique of previous studies on the topic; Much has been studied regarding euthanasia for animals (Sanders, 1995) or how feelings of guilt and grief are being managed by veterinarians in these cases (Morris, 2012). While it is a very common practice all around the world to put animals to sleep, it is only since recently that human euthanasia has been legalized in some countries like Belgium and the Netherlands, while it is still a crime in most other (European) countries like France or Italy. Within Europe, the differences in thinking on the matter of a self-chosen death is huge but even between the most progressive countries there are a lot of differences. For instance, in Switzerland it is legal to assist in suicide as long as the motives of helping are considered altruistic, while in the Netherlands, only medical reasons (something that has been defined as "unbearable and incurable suffering") needs to precede the action of suicide that in a Dutch case would be called 'euthanasia', while in Switzerland none of these preconditions of unbearable and incurable suffering need to be present as long as psychological tests show that someone really wants to die, any reason - in theory - could be considered a valid one. So while the research on human euthanasia is scarce, there are already some good studies regarding the Dutch and Belgium system (Norwood, 2007) or the Swiss, but none has compared the two systems as complete as this proposal tends to do and to include the relationship between doctors and patients (LaPorte Matzo & Kennedy Schwarz, 2001; The et al, 2000) and completely new in this field, but in the light of the earlier mentioned management of grief and guilt among pet owners (Morrison, 2012) this research will not only include the interaction between the dying and the caring but also the interaction between the loving, those people who remain behind.
3. Methodology to be used; Ethnographic research: observation and interviews with the loving relatives, the person whom it concerns in the process of the self-chosen death and those who assist in the death of these people like the medical staff (mainly the Netherlands and Belgium) or the volunteers and psychologists (Swiss), including videotaping the last moments to not disturb these sensitive moments of dying, but to be able to analyze the interaction going on during those final moments nevertheless. The dying persons are being asked by the medical staff or psychologists whether they (clients) would wish to participate with this research project.
A structured interview will be taken with every participant and so will there be conversations with relatives of these dying if these want to participate into the project as well. Then, observers will try to observe and follow the process of dying by observation either in person or by stationary cameras or even moving cameras if people would wish to have a professional tape of these final moments I would provide them this as a reward for participating and I will hire a professional camera crew, since that could benefit both, the relatives and this project. If possible and the budget allows it, it would be aimed to observe and question 15 dying persons with euthanasia, and 15 due to assisted suicide, of which I am hoping that at least 30 relatives would be willing to do an interview as well. Personnel on the job would depend on the offer and the amount of hospitals but in any case the research aims to question at least the medical staff involved with the observed dying persons but that may be obvious. As what observation hours is concerned, it will be completely dependent on the participants and the procedures followed within the certain facilities.
4. Context(s) of the research; Interviews and observations will be conducted in Dutch and Belgian hospitals and the Swiss Centre of Dignitas, a centre that executes assisted suicide for people from all over the world. The context in terms of actuality is that it is a politically, highly sensitive topic, controversial in many countries and therefore the more important it is, to explore the differences between the perception of people dying in the different contexts and to examine what it means for these people to die. The results presented in the resulting article(s) may not only serve to improve the processes concerning the life's ending, these may also be used in the debates by people against or in favour of legalizing death by choice.
5. Phases and timing of the research; The research will take place over a long time span (for about a year) in close cooperation between hospitals and euthanasia centers as one cannot plan when someone decides to die. The research starts only when someone agrees to die and has been entitled to his or her death and allows members of the research team to contact the one with a death wish. Then an interview will follow, with the dying, but also with the loving relatives and the caring personnel if these want to participate. After and starting from the interviews, the dying person will be observed together with his or her relatives and the medical staff or volunteers, either through in-person observations or through a camera depending on what the dying prefer. 30 participating deaths is what the project aims for and we can only hope that we finish this within a year. If not, we need to just wait and see what is doable within the time span of a year. After collecting data, the data will be analyzed, if there are quiet periods, one may expect that analyses happen while waiting for new cases.
6. Expected results; It is expected that the meaning of death is different in terms of euthanasia compared to assisted suicide. Those who desire euthanasia will probably perceive it as a final solution to their problems while in Switzerland, the worthiness and the certainty of being allowed to die whenever they like it, will probably be explained in terms of autonomy more than those who decide under the conditions of unbearable suffering. Further, staging will be different as well, as the doctor treating someone choosing to euthanize is technically being cured by an authority (the doctor) so a certain distance and professionalism will be expressed. While the situation in Switzerland is completely out of the
professional zone, as the final assistance is provided by volunteers and the setting in which one dies is completely up to the dying him or herself. So where in the Netherlands and Belgium doctors and the seriousness of the physical condition of the dying are at the centre of the stage, the choice of dying and the autonomy and willingness to die are deliberately staged at the centre of the attention since assisted suicide is only allowed when it has been done with the full consent of the dying and so the set-up of the situation will be completely different and express this autonomy and consent. The difference between the involved persons will be different as well, as doctors often consider themselves as lifesavers, they would probably express euthanasia as a failure of themselves or as something that comes with the job but is one of the things they hate most to do. As for the volunteers in the Swiss Dignitas centre, it might turn out that they have the feeling that they are helping people and so consider their work as noble and fulfilling. Relatives in a euthanasia situation, may feel the obligation to free their loved-ones from all the misery, while people doing an assisted suicide often try to evade the misery and die in a much more early phase. Although it seems harder to accept someone's choice to die while they are still fit, it may be a certain type of relative who accepts the choice of the loved-one and supports this person even at this final moment. So that may be a selection-effect that is inherent to the system.
7. Budget; A research team will most likely be needed, a video team, observers or just one very skilled ethnographer that can do everything. As Switzerland and Belgium share the French language, everything is doable when it only occurs in a French context, but a cooperation between a French and Dutch social scientist may cover all the language problems as long as the Dutch and French scientists are highly skilled in English.
8. Bibliography LaPorte Matzo, M. & Kennedy Schwarz, J. (2001). In Their Own Words: Oncology Nurses Respond to Patient Requests for Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. Applied Nursing Research. 14(2): 64-71. Monforte-Royo, C., Villavicencio-Cha´vez, C., Toma´s-Sa´bado, J., Mahtani-Chugani, V., Balaguer, A., (2012). What Lies behind the Wish to Hasten Death? A Systematic Review and Meta-Ethnography from the Perspective of Patients. PLoS ONE. 7(5): 1- 16. Morris, P. (2012). Managing Pet Owners’ Guilt and Grief in Veterinary Euthanasia Encounters. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 41(3): 337–365. Norwood, F. (2007). Nothing More To Do: Euthanasia, General Practice, and End-of-Life Discourse in the Netherlands. Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness. 26(2): 139-174. Richards, N. (2012).The fight-to-die: older people and death activism. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life. 7(1): 7-32. Sanders, C.R. (1995). Killing with Kindness: Veterinary Euthanasia and the Social Construction of Personhood. Sociological Forum. 10(2): 195-214. The, A.M., Hak, T., Koëter, G. & Wal, van der G., (2000). Collusion in doctorpatient communication about imminent death: an ethnographic study. BMJ. 321: 1376-1381.
Title: Reconstructing the Muos frame by the discursive process. I. Introduction. In this first paragraph I present in very few words the argument: the analysis of the discursive process by which is built the frame of a collective movement as that of the Muos in Sicily. I mention here also, very briefly, the reasons that led me to conduct this analysis.
II. Theory and empirical researches about the theme:
2.1 - Theoretical overview to frame the context of research: the main theoretical reference, almost to give a definition of frame should be Goffman, (Frame Analysis. An Essay on the Organization of Experience). 2.2 - Previous empirical research: the empirical reference of my analysis are here presented to ensure a consistent basis to my study. This reference are: - Ellingson, Stephen. "Understanding the dialectic of discourse and collective action: Public debate and rioting in antebellum Cincinnati." American Journal of Sociology (1995): 100-144. - Benford, Robert D., and David A. Snow. "Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment." Annual review of sociology (2000): 611-639. [Another interesting paper that I found is: De Giorgio, Claudia. "La rappresentazione della violenza: l’immaginario dei movimenti sociali a confronto con la costruzione mediatica." Mediascapes journal 1 (2013): 88-98. (But this paper that I found on Google Scholar doesn’t have quotations, so I don’t know if take it in account, even if I think is an interesting text) ]
III. Methodological note: the study of the discursive process will be conducted by the analysis of 15 newspaper article, 5 of which drawn from website that have deal with the news. I think that it is better take 15 articles published in the same date, maybe the day after the event itself. This analysis can be conducted by the support of Atlas.ti software, to have a clear supervision of the different part of the discourse and to be able to reconstruct it. If it is possible I would also take some interviews to the people inside the movement, to have “two side of the coin”. This could help me to consider the issue in dialectical terms (media in one hands and actor in the other).
IV. What is the M.U.O.S movement. For better understand what I talk about I think it is necessary explain in few word in what consist the M.U.O.S. movement: its birth, its story, its mission.
V. Presentation of the results: in this paragraph will be presented the results of the analysis by reading the output of Atlas.ti. It should emerge what is the meaning and the construction of the discourse about the particular event take in account. The output will be interpreted in a substantive terms.
VI. Conclusion: after summarize what was the purpose and the premises of this work (that is to reconstruct the discursive process of the M.U.O.S movement frame), I will able to present the final consideration about the analyses conducted.
Draft 3 Title: Death as a rite of passage in the catholic villages of Hungary
Abstract:
….At the time of our great-grandfathers… people have been born into the tradition, the necessary experience in order to navigate in the world, were shared by word of mouth among the small communities.
They fixed the unwritten rules of traditional orders and reported the knowledge that accumulated in all areas of culture.With the unfolding present day human-civilization the previously dominant tradition weakend. The disintegration of traditional communities and the „rapid” lifestyle change led to rootlessness in a world without traditions.
In my paper i am focusing on the role of death in traditional catholist villages in Hungary, moreover im also searching for answers what’s left of these rituals after the aforementioned changes in society. Death „belongs” to the rites of passage just like birth, adolescence, espousal, marriage, etc. Death and particularly the rituals related to death played a very important role in the life of the community until the mid- 20th century.
The development of health care, the enhancing degree of urbanization, the extensive western trends however shifted the „ceremony of death”from people home to hospitals. However, the stories and anecdotes of the parents and grandparents and the rich ethnographic sources revive this rite which played a key role for centuries in the community and creates the opportunity for us to have an insight into the customs of our ancestors.
The structure of my theoretical paper:
1. Introduction 2. Review, searching for a definition of „rites de passage” 3. International literature review 4. Death as a rite of passage in the catholic villages of Hungary - „preparing” the dead The relatives are washing the body, combing and shaving it. Afterwards they dress up the body in traditional costume (traditional costume which is typical in the given region). - the announcement of death -- > Everytime one male relative of the deceased announces the news of the death. The relative should go to the administrative and ecclesiastic bodies of the settlement. Usually the person who announced the death will be the organizer of the further processes as well. - visitation of the dead --> After ringing the bells of the church, the girls and elderly womens of the village are visiting the death. Usually they bring some gift to the house (flour, eggs,). The braver ones jump on the bench seat - which is positioned next to the death bed- in order to have a look at the death from a closer distance - vigil - preparing the coffin - valedictory - escort the dead to the cemetery - entombment - funeral feast 5. Conclusion 6. References
References
Durkheim: The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1915)
Arnold van Gennep: The rites of passage 1909. University of Chicago Press
Editor: Paládi- Kovács Attila, Title:Hungarian ethnology in eight volumes publisher: Akadémia publishing house, Budapest 1988-2002
http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02152/html/index.html
Ivan Balassa- Gyula Ortutay: Hungarian Ethnography and Folklore Publisher: Intl Specialized Book Service Inc (June 1974)
Framing of Disaster Experience and Responses: The case of Typhoon Haiyan (Philippine code name Yolanda), Visayas, Philippines
I. Introduction
Context of the Study
The Philippines recently experienced a super typhoon locally named “Yolanda” last November 9, 2013. It affected 8 million people and left more than 4,000 dead, mostly in the central part of the country.
The Yolanda disaster has been in the media and in social networking sites, particularly in Facebook.
How do we understand phenomenon and people’s actions? How do we give meaning to our experiences?
Research Problem
How are the Philippine typhoon Haiyan disaster experience and the responses framed by disaster risk management (DRM) organizations in the social networking site (Facebook)?
Research Objectives: Identify and analyze: What topics are talked about? Who are the people involved? How are they described? What are their conditions? What are their roles? How are they positioned? What should we be done?
Significance
Understanding how media and social network frames the disaster experience can be helpful in assessing how the phenomenon is described and constructed. It also gives insights on how solutions and agenda are identified. Such understanding can be helpful in advancing sustainable disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. The results from this study can provide inputs to disaster responders in their education and advocacy work.
II. Related Literature
From Christoplos et al. (2001) Risk and DRM are framed either as: Relief work Uplifting from poverty (development) Poor people as able to handle shocks Changing roles and alternative within the relief-development continuum Reducing vulnerability to shocks/ increasing resilience as an anti-poverty approach (WorldBank)
From Mcgray et al (2007) DRM as: Adaptation Development “discrete adaptation”- development programs can advance adaptation goals Responding to impacts Reducing vulnerability
From Heijmans (2009) DRM as: Top-down DRM Community-based disaster risk reduction Technical solutions DRM as governance and human rights DRM as transforming power relations
III. Methodology
Frame Analysis
Content analysis of 2 facebook profiles of disaster organizations/responders, particularly:
1. College of Social Work and Community Development (CSWCD)- academic institution 2. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)- national government
Data analysis method: Thematic analysis
Description of CSWCD and DSWD
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
A. Topics of the facebook posts
College of Social Work and Community Development To quote from the news report: "University of the Philippines Professor Lydylin Mangada said there was a need for a focus on urban development so future storms could be withstood. "I hope this is the time of renewal, I hope this is the time for social transformation so we don't go back to our past mistakes. undertake field instruction for students to support fishing communities affected by Super Typhoon Haiyan "Understanding people’s beliefs about the disaster is as important as examining the physical, economical, political and mental conditions of people suffering from the effects of disaster.” How University of the Philippines-Tacloban is coping post-Yolanda Lecture Series on Complex Emergencies Waiver of students hit by Yolanda Prof. Zoe Obedicen of CD dept together w/ SW student Mark Tandog in Typhoon ravaged Tacloban City. They are part of around 20 CSWCD field students (both CD and SW) fielded by the College to help ACCORD in Eastern Visayas. Operation Bangon: Sacks of food, clothing and hygiene kits packed by CSWCD faculty, student, staff and alumni (Relief work) UP CSWCD readies 534 family clothing packs, 508 food packs and 504 hygiene kits destined for Busuanga, Palawan Updates on the relief efforts International Day of Solidarity and Action for Victims of Yolanda
Topics talked about Department of Social Welfare and Development Turn-over of donations from local and international donors Relief operation including repacking and distribution (goods, construction materials, tents) Invitation for volunteers Partnerships/ dialogue with other agencies for Yolanda response setting up of special place for women at evacuation camps “Tacloban, on its way to recovery” – DSWD Sec. Dinky Soliman Celebrities helping in the relief (Alicia Keys Social workers hold play therapy for kids at tent city “DSWD welcomes volunteers’ feedbacks, calls for greater understanding” ‘Couple conducts storytelling for kids in evacuation centers” Secretary Soliman appeals to Luzon LGUs to support ‘Yolanda’ victims DSWD turns over relief distribution in Tacloban to LGU Public advisory on local in-kind donations for the Typhoon Yolanda relief operations DSWD helps Eastern Visayas Evacuees at the Villamor Airbase
B. How are people talked about (victims/survivors, local government, disaster responders)
C. What disaster responses were done/planned?
D. Patterns in the posts
V. Conclusions and Recommendations
DSWD usually refer to Yolanda disaster response work as relief work
CSWCD
Bibliography: Erving Goffman. Frame Analysis: an Essay on the Organization of Experience. 1974
Annelies Heijmans “THE SOCIAL LIFE OF COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: ORIGINS, POLITICS AND FRAMING”. 2009
Christoplos, Ian, John Mitchell and Anna Liljelund. Re-framing Risk: The Changing Context of Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness. 2001
McGray, Heather, Anne Hamm ill and Rob Bradley. Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development. World Resources Institute. 2007
Multiple realities and the world of dreams: the case of Inception movie
1. Introduction:
a. Focus on sociological theory According to Schütz it is possible to affirm the existence of multiple realities that depend on the reality in which someone choose to believe from time to time. The author starts from the idea of multiple realities to formulate his theory on the provinces of meaning: the various worlds of which we have experience. Among the various worlds Schütz describes that of dreams...
b. Formulation of my argument The main goal of this essay is to explain how people construct his own realities, then analyzing the world of dreams. An example of this construction is reflected in Inception movie. For this I will try to interpret the theory in question using data obtainable from the movie......
2. Methodological Note
a. Qualitative data analysis: the movie There are different ways in which sociologists can collect their data, for instances through observational studies or experiments. But scholars can also use existing data. A case in point could be movies. Indeed movies offer easily accessible and relatively inexpensive data...
b. Inception movie Brief plot of Inception movie with a focus on the interest points for the analysis.
3. Empirical Analysis
Short description of the movie analysis development. ( I will not analyze all levels but only the first and possibly the second).
a. the reality In this section, I would like to understand how realities are constructed by social actors, highlighting the links found within the film.
b. first level: the world of dreams Within the film it is possible to see how in the first level people passed from the real world to the world of dreams. Here it will become central topic the Schütz theory of the world of dreams.
(c. second level: the dream inside the dream) ???
4. Conclusions
In this last part first, I will summarize the points discussed in the paper. Second I will display the obtained results. Finally, follow a personal note to what has emerged during the analysis. Finally, it will be follow a personal note to what has emerged during the analysis.
5. References:
Alfred, Schuetz 1945. “On Multiple Realities.” Reviews in and Phenomenological Research 5(4): 533-576. Peter L, Berger and Thomas Luckmann. 1991. The Social Construction of Reality. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ian, Dei 1993. Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Scientists. London: Routledge and Taylor & Francis Group
Title: “Social influence and group pressure on behavior modification”
Abstract:
Societies in all its institutional complexity have lived to influence its member in number of forms. Which was a phenomena closely observed by ancients and contemporary philosophers and social scientists. Therefore, my aim through this brief paper is to first question the influence of social and individual pressure among other individuals. And then support my question with Ash and Milligram theories briefly. While trying to understand of the relationship between group dynamics, social influence in relation to change or modification of behavior and its need and proposed efficiency in developmental work. Therefore, I aim to support my paper with two empirical studies; first on “Social Influence a key factor to behavior change in transport ( plug plug-in hybrid vehicles) by (Axsen, J. and Kurani, K. S., 2010). As for the second case it would be focused on Peer educators (G. Turner and J. Shepherd 1991) “A method in search of a theory: peer education and health promotion” and use data from project on HIV prevention project I worked on from 2011-2013 to mirror the thoughts and elements of (G. Turner and J. Shepherd 1991). Following I ought to reflect briefly on both cases. Finally I would conclude with how acknowledging and utilizing the power of social influence can have direct influence in reshaping developmental work.
Table of Content A. Abstract B. Introduction The introduction would an abstract trial to question social and group influence, then slow breaking the thoughts and logical sequence of the report C. Theories I will briefly mention ash theory and mailgram experiment as sociological foundation to social influence and group pressure D. Groups dynamic, social influence and its relation to change of behavior I attempt to stress the importance of group dynamics, social influence and its relation to change behavior through narrative discussion of thought E. Development work need for social influence utilization Brief reflection how developmental work with no understanding of social influence have been a weak tool and the need for utilizing social influence F. Empirical evidence - Social Influence a Key Factor to Behavior Change in Transport ( plug plug-in hybrid vehicles) Explain the methodology and the experiment, (Axsen, J. and Kurani, K. S., 2010) logic and the relation and tools that they proposed that has an impact on purchase behavior - Reflection - Peer educators in HIV prevention projects I aim to use data from (G. Turner and J. Shepherd 1991) that shared the use of peer education and its importance and significance. Then I aim to build on this data based on final report of HIV prevention for Most At Risk Population, which I am responsible for from 2011-2013 using data on behavior change such visit to service center, change into safe behavior in second visits, referral to rehabilitation centers - Reflection
G. Conclusion Finally I would conclude with how acknowledging and utilizing the power of social influence can have direct influence in reshaping developmental work.
H. Reference • Axsen, J., 2010. Interpersonal Influence within Car Buyers' Social Networks: Observing Consumer Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and the Spread of Pro- Societal Values. University of California, Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, Dissertation. • Axsen, J. and Kurani, K. S., 2010. Interpersonal influence within car buyers' social networks: Five perspectives on plug-in hybrid vehicle demonstration participants. University of California, Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper. • G. Turner and J. Shepherd. 1999. “A method in search of a theory: peer education and health promotion”. Theory & Practice Pages 235–247. Health education Research Vol.14 no.2 • Elgamrawy, E, 2013, Hayat Drosos II project Final term report, FHI360, DROSOS, Cairo, Egypt • Asch S. E. (1956). "Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority", • Milgram Stanley (1963), "Behavioral Study of Obedience". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
Title: The different meanings of apologize: the confession figure on the TRC' South Africa
Abstract:
The matter of context and the implications within the speech act, it a base to reflect about what features are needed for the act of asking forgiveness makes sense in a transitional justice process. About that, this paper explore through the study of confession in the process of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC ) in South Africa, like a form of reconciliation after a civil war.
Structure of the paper:
In this sense, the structure of the work may be : 1. Introduction This apart present the idea and the logic order for explain the principal hypothesis: in a transitional justice process, the forgiveness speech act must be content some requisites.
2. Theoretic frame This apart explain the theory of frames of Goffman and the speech acts of Austin, in order to demonstrate the matter of the context and the form in the communication acts, specially in the political field.
3. Study case: TRC process in South Africa. 3.1 Brief history : review of the context of conflict in South Africa. This apart explain in a quickly view, the principal sources, protagonist and time line of the conflict in this country. 3.2 The TRC process : objectives, guidelines and processes. This apart show the principal aims of the peace and reconciliation process after civil war in this country. 3.3 The confession and public apologies in the TRC process This apart explore the public act or repeteance by the authors of human rights violations like for of reconciliation in the TRC process.
4. Analysis of the study case This apart analyze what frameworks that need the speech act of apologizing in a process of transitional justice as South Africa. In this sense, it explore ideas like: - the matter of the official: confession act - the matter of the public scene: repentance rituals - the paper of the author: ideas of the repentant guilty and guilty without guilt: - the paper of the victim: solidarity. - the paper of the future: reconciliation? Restorativeness? Retributiveness? 5. Conclusions
References: M. Mamdani, “The TRC and Justice”. In: Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa and the Neherlands, Netherland Institute of Human Rights, SIM Special No 23, Utrecht, año 1999. Entrevista a J. Derrida por Michael Wieviorka, “El siglo y el perdón”, 1era edición, Ed. De la Flor, año 2003, traducción de Mirta Segoviano. S. Cohen, “Exhumar tumbas, abrir heridas. Reconociendo el pasado” en Estados de negación. Ensayo sobre atrocidades y sufrimiento, British Council, Argentina. André du Toit, “The moral foundations of truth commissions. Truth as acknowledgement and justice and recognition as principles of transitional justice in the practice of the South African TRC”. Maruna, Shadd. Reentry likes a rite of passage. (2011). Queen’s University Belfast, UK. Punishment & Society.13: 3. Nagy, Rosmery. Reconciliation in Post-Commission South Africa: Thick and Thin Accounts of Solidarity. (2002). Canadian Journal of Political Science. University of Toronto Hepworth M. and Turner B. Confession, Guilt and Responsibility. (1979). British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 6, No. 2.
Andrieu, Kora. Sorry for the Genocide: How Public Apologies Can Help Promote National Reconciliation. (2009). Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2009.
Research proposal to conduct a comparative ethnographic study on the meaning of self-controlled death. Discovering differences in meaning, staging, emotions and rituals between euthanasia in Belgium and the Netherlands and assisted suicide in Switzerland.
RispondiElimina1. Research topic and main aims of the research;
The research aims to describe how the dying, the caring and the loving make sense and deal with each other in such an intense situation as a self-chosen death. In addition, it aims to identify the differences in staging, meaning, emotions and rituals between the two different procedures of euthanasia and assisted suicide. The study tries to explore the personal consequences of the different policies regarding the people involved. Many is still unknown and in most countries, any kind of a self-chosen death is rejected. Exploring the impact these different kinds of self-chosen-death policies will most likely not only increase the knowledge of how people deal with this final act, but the study may also provide some insights into how policies on a self-chosen end may be improved.
2. Brief reconstruction and critique of previous studies on the topic;
Much has been studied regarding euthanasia for animals (Sanders, 1995) or how feelings of guilt and grief are being managed by veterinarians in these cases (Morris, 2012). While it is a very common practice all around the world to put animals to sleep, it is only since recently that human euthanasia has been legalized in some countries like Belgium and the Netherlands, while it is still a crime in most other (European) countries like France or Italy. Within Europe, the differences in thinking on the matter of a self-chosen death is huge but even between the most progressive countries there are a lot of differences. For instance, in Switzerland it is legal to assist in suicide as long as the motives of helping are considered altruistic, while in the Netherlands, only medical reasons (something that has been defined as "unbearable and incurable suffering") needs to precede the action of suicide that in a Dutch case would be called 'euthanasia', while in Switzerland none of these preconditions of unbearable and incurable suffering need to be present as long as psychological tests show that someone really wants to die, any reason - in theory - could be considered a valid one.
So while the research on human euthanasia is scarce, there are already some good studies regarding the Dutch and Belgium system (Norwood, 2007) or the Swiss, but none has compared the two systems as complete as this proposal tends to do and to include the relationship between doctors and patients (LaPorte Matzo & Kennedy Schwarz, 2001; The et al, 2000) and completely new in this field, but in the light of the earlier mentioned management of grief and guilt among pet owners (Morrison, 2012) this research will not only include the interaction between the dying and the caring but also the interaction between the loving, those people who remain behind.
3. Methodology to be used;
Ethnographic research: observation and interviews with the loving relatives, the person whom it concerns in the process of the self-chosen death and those who assist in the death of these people like the medical staff (mainly the Netherlands and Belgium) or the volunteers and psychologists (Swiss), including videotaping the last moments to not disturb these sensitive moments of dying, but to be able to analyze the interaction going on during those final moments nevertheless. The dying persons are being asked by the medical staff or psychologists whether they (clients) would wish to participate with this research project.
A structured interview will be taken with every participant and so will there be conversations with relatives of these dying if these want to participate into the project as well. Then, observers will try to observe and follow the process of dying by observation either in person or by stationary cameras or even moving cameras if people would wish to have a professional tape of these final moments I would provide them this as a reward for participating and I will hire a professional camera crew, since that could benefit both, the relatives and this project. If possible and the budget allows it, it would be aimed to observe and question 15 dying persons with euthanasia, and 15 due to assisted suicide, of which I am hoping that at least 30 relatives would be willing to do an interview as well. Personnel on the job would depend on the offer and the amount of hospitals but in any case the research aims to question at least the medical staff involved with the observed dying persons but that may be obvious. As what observation hours is concerned, it will be completely dependent on the participants and the procedures followed within the certain facilities.
Elimina4. Context(s) of the research;
Interviews and observations will be conducted in Dutch and Belgian hospitals and the Swiss Centre of Dignitas, a centre that executes assisted suicide for people from all over the world.
The context in terms of actuality is that it is a politically, highly sensitive topic, controversial in many countries and therefore the more important it is, to explore the differences between the perception of people dying in the different contexts and to examine what it means for these people to die. The results presented in the resulting article(s) may not only serve to improve the processes concerning the life's ending, these may also be used in the debates by people against or in favour of legalizing death by choice.
5. Phases and timing of the research;
The research will take place over a long time span (for about a year) in close cooperation between hospitals and euthanasia centers as one cannot plan when someone decides to die. The research starts only when someone agrees to die and has been entitled to his or her death and allows members of the research team to contact the one with a death wish. Then an interview will follow, with the dying, but also with the loving relatives and the caring personnel if these want to participate. After and starting from the interviews, the dying person will be observed together with his or her relatives and the medical staff or volunteers, either through in-person observations or through a camera depending on what the dying prefer. 30 participating deaths is what the project aims for and we can only hope that we finish this within a year. If not, we need to just wait and see what is doable within the time span of a year. After collecting data, the data will be analyzed, if there are quiet periods, one may expect that analyses happen while waiting for new cases.
6. Expected results;
It is expected that the meaning of death is different in terms of euthanasia compared to assisted suicide. Those who desire euthanasia will probably perceive it as a final solution to their problems while in Switzerland, the worthiness and the certainty of being allowed to die whenever they like it, will probably be explained in terms of autonomy more than those who decide under the conditions of unbearable suffering.
Further, staging will be different as well, as the doctor treating someone choosing to euthanize is technically being cured by an authority (the doctor) so a certain distance and professionalism will be expressed. While the situation in Switzerland is completely out of the
professional zone, as the final assistance is provided by volunteers and the setting in which one dies is completely up to the dying him or herself. So where in the Netherlands and Belgium doctors and the seriousness of the physical condition of the dying are at the centre of the stage, the choice of dying and the autonomy and willingness to die are deliberately staged at the centre of the attention since assisted suicide is only allowed when it has been done with the full consent of the dying and so the set-up of the situation will be completely different and express this autonomy and consent.
EliminaThe difference between the involved persons will be different as well, as doctors often consider themselves as lifesavers, they would probably express euthanasia as a failure of themselves or as something that comes with the job but is one of the things they hate most to do. As for the volunteers in the Swiss Dignitas centre, it might turn out that they have the feeling that they are helping people and so consider their work as noble and fulfilling.
Relatives in a euthanasia situation, may feel the obligation to free their loved-ones from all the misery, while people doing an assisted suicide often try to evade the misery and die in a much more early phase. Although it seems harder to accept someone's choice to die while they are still fit, it may be a certain type of relative who accepts the choice of the loved-one and supports this person even at this final moment. So that may be a selection-effect that is inherent to the system.
7. Budget;
A research team will most likely be needed, a video team, observers or just one very skilled ethnographer that can do everything. As Switzerland and Belgium share the French language, everything is doable when it only occurs in a French context, but a cooperation between a French and Dutch social scientist may cover all the language problems as long as the Dutch and French scientists are highly skilled in English.
8. Bibliography
LaPorte Matzo, M. & Kennedy Schwarz, J. (2001). In Their Own Words: Oncology Nurses Respond to Patient Requests for Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. Applied Nursing Research. 14(2): 64-71.
Monforte-Royo, C., Villavicencio-Cha´vez, C., Toma´s-Sa´bado, J., Mahtani-Chugani, V., Balaguer, A., (2012). What Lies behind the Wish to Hasten Death? A Systematic Review and Meta-Ethnography from the Perspective of Patients. PLoS ONE. 7(5): 1- 16.
Morris, P. (2012). Managing Pet Owners’ Guilt and Grief in Veterinary Euthanasia Encounters. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 41(3): 337–365.
Norwood, F. (2007). Nothing More To Do: Euthanasia, General Practice, and End-of-Life Discourse in the Netherlands. Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness. 26(2): 139-174.
Richards, N. (2012).The fight-to-die: older people and death activism. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life. 7(1): 7-32.
Sanders, C.R. (1995). Killing with Kindness: Veterinary Euthanasia and the Social Construction
of Personhood. Sociological Forum. 10(2): 195-214.
The, A.M., Hak, T., Koëter, G. & Wal, van der G., (2000). Collusion in doctorpatient communication about imminent death: an ethnographic study. BMJ. 321: 1376-1381.
Questo commento è stato eliminato dall'autore.
RispondiEliminaQuesto commento è stato eliminato dall'autore.
EliminaOrganization of the paper.
RispondiEliminaTitle: Reconstructing the Muos frame by the discursive process.
I. Introduction. In this first paragraph I present in very few words the argument: the analysis of the discursive process by which is built the frame of a collective movement as that of the Muos in Sicily. I mention here also, very briefly, the reasons that led me to conduct this analysis.
II. Theory and empirical researches about the theme:
2.1 - Theoretical overview to frame the context of research: the main theoretical reference, almost to give a definition of frame should be Goffman, (Frame Analysis. An Essay on the Organization of Experience).
2.2 - Previous empirical research: the empirical reference of my analysis are here presented to ensure a consistent basis to my study. This reference are:
- Ellingson, Stephen. "Understanding the dialectic of discourse and collective action: Public debate and rioting in antebellum Cincinnati." American Journal of Sociology (1995): 100-144.
- Benford, Robert D., and David A. Snow. "Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment." Annual review of sociology (2000): 611-639.
[Another interesting paper that I found is:
De Giorgio, Claudia. "La rappresentazione della violenza: l’immaginario dei movimenti sociali a confronto con la costruzione mediatica." Mediascapes journal 1 (2013): 88-98. (But this paper that I found on Google Scholar doesn’t have quotations, so I don’t know if take it in account, even if I think is an interesting text) ]
III. Methodological note: the study of the discursive process will be conducted by the analysis of 15 newspaper article, 5 of which drawn from website that have deal with the news. I think that it is better take 15 articles published in the same date, maybe the day after the event itself. This analysis can be conducted by the support of Atlas.ti software, to have a clear supervision of the different part of the discourse and to be able to reconstruct it.
If it is possible I would also take some interviews to the people inside the movement, to have “two side of the coin”. This could help me to consider the issue in dialectical terms (media in one hands and actor in the other).
IV. What is the M.U.O.S movement. For better understand what I talk about I think it is necessary explain in few word in what consist the M.U.O.S. movement: its birth, its story, its mission.
V. Presentation of the results: in this paragraph will be presented the results of the analysis by reading the output of Atlas.ti. It should emerge what is the meaning and the construction of the discourse about the particular event take in account. The output will be interpreted in a substantive terms.
VI. Conclusion: after summarize what was the purpose and the premises of this work (that is to reconstruct the discursive process of the M.U.O.S movement frame), I will able to present the final consideration about the analyses conducted.
VII. Bibliography
VIII. Appendix (if present)
Draft 3
RispondiEliminaTitle: Death as a rite of passage in the catholic villages of Hungary
Abstract:
….At the time of our great-grandfathers… people have been born into the tradition, the necessary experience in order to navigate in the world, were shared by word of mouth among the small communities.
They fixed the unwritten rules of traditional orders and reported the knowledge that accumulated in all areas of culture.With the unfolding present day human-civilization the previously dominant tradition weakend. The disintegration of traditional communities and the „rapid” lifestyle change led to rootlessness in a world without traditions.
In my paper i am focusing on the role of death in traditional catholist villages in Hungary, moreover im also searching for answers what’s left of these rituals after the aforementioned changes in society. Death „belongs” to the rites of passage just like birth, adolescence, espousal, marriage, etc. Death and particularly the rituals related to death played a very important role in the life of the community until the mid- 20th century.
The development of health care, the enhancing degree of urbanization, the extensive western trends however shifted the „ceremony of death”from people home to hospitals. However, the stories and anecdotes of the parents and grandparents and the rich ethnographic sources revive this rite which played a key role for centuries in the community and creates the opportunity for us to have an insight into the customs of our ancestors.
The structure of my theoretical paper:
1. Introduction
2. Review, searching for a definition of „rites de passage”
3. International literature review
4. Death as a rite of passage in the catholic villages of Hungary
- „preparing” the dead
The relatives are washing the body, combing and shaving it. Afterwards they dress up the body in traditional costume (traditional costume which is typical in the given region).
- the announcement of death
-- > Everytime one male relative of the deceased announces the news of the death. The relative should go to the administrative and ecclesiastic bodies of the settlement. Usually the person who announced the death will be the organizer of the further processes as well.
- visitation of the dead
--> After ringing the bells of the church, the girls and elderly womens of the village are visiting the death. Usually they bring some gift to the house (flour, eggs,). The braver ones jump on the bench seat - which is positioned next to the death bed- in order to have a look at the death from a closer distance
- vigil
- preparing the coffin
- valedictory
- escort the dead to the cemetery
- entombment
- funeral feast
5. Conclusion
6. References
References
Durkheim: The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1915)
Arnold van Gennep: The rites of passage 1909. University of Chicago Press
Editor: Paládi- Kovács Attila, Title:Hungarian ethnology in eight volumes
publisher: Akadémia publishing house, Budapest 1988-2002
http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02152/html/index.html
Ivan Balassa- Gyula Ortutay: Hungarian Ethnography and Folklore
Publisher: Intl Specialized Book Service Inc (June 1974)
Framing of Disaster Experience and Responses:
RispondiEliminaThe case of Typhoon Haiyan (Philippine code name Yolanda), Visayas, Philippines
I. Introduction
Context of the Study
The Philippines recently experienced a super typhoon locally named “Yolanda” last November 9, 2013. It affected 8 million people and left more than 4,000 dead, mostly in the central part of the country.
The Yolanda disaster has been in the media and in social networking sites, particularly in Facebook.
How do we understand phenomenon and people’s actions?
How do we give meaning to our experiences?
Research Problem
How are the Philippine typhoon Haiyan disaster experience and the responses framed by disaster risk management (DRM) organizations in the social networking site (Facebook)?
Research Objectives:
Identify and analyze:
What topics are talked about?
Who are the people involved? How are they described? What are their conditions? What are their roles? How are they positioned?
What should we be done?
Significance
Understanding how media and social network frames the disaster experience can be helpful in assessing how the phenomenon is described and constructed. It also gives insights on how solutions and agenda are identified. Such understanding can be helpful in advancing sustainable disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. The results from this study can provide inputs to disaster responders in their education and advocacy work.
II. Related Literature
From Christoplos et al. (2001)
Risk and DRM are framed either as:
Relief work
Uplifting from poverty (development)
Poor people as able to handle shocks
Changing roles and alternative within the relief-development continuum
Reducing vulnerability to shocks/ increasing resilience as an anti-poverty approach (WorldBank)
From Mcgray et al (2007)
DRM as:
Adaptation
Development
“discrete adaptation”- development programs can advance adaptation goals
Responding to impacts
Reducing vulnerability
From Heijmans (2009)
DRM as:
Top-down DRM
Community-based disaster risk reduction
Technical solutions
DRM as governance and human rights
DRM as transforming power relations
III. Methodology
Frame Analysis
Content analysis of 2 facebook profiles of disaster organizations/responders, particularly:
1. College of Social Work and Community Development (CSWCD)- academic institution
2. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)- national government
Data analysis method: Thematic analysis
Description of CSWCD and DSWD
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
A. Topics of the facebook posts
College of Social Work and Community Development
To quote from the news report: "University of the Philippines Professor Lydylin Mangada said there was a need for a focus on urban development so future storms could be withstood. "I hope this is the time of renewal, I hope this is the time for social transformation so we don't go back to our past mistakes.
undertake field instruction for students to support fishing communities affected by Super Typhoon Haiyan
"Understanding people’s beliefs about the disaster is as important as examining the physical, economical, political and mental conditions of people suffering from the effects of disaster.”
How University of the Philippines-Tacloban is coping post-Yolanda
Lecture Series on Complex Emergencies
Waiver of students hit by Yolanda
Prof. Zoe Obedicen of CD dept together w/ SW student Mark Tandog in Typhoon ravaged Tacloban City. They are part of around 20 CSWCD field students (both CD and SW) fielded by the College to help ACCORD in Eastern Visayas.
Operation Bangon:
Sacks of food, clothing and hygiene kits packed by CSWCD faculty, student, staff and alumni (Relief work)
UP CSWCD readies 534 family clothing packs, 508 food packs and 504 hygiene kits destined for Busuanga, Palawan
Updates on the relief efforts
International Day of Solidarity and Action for Victims of Yolanda
Results (Continuation)
RispondiEliminaTopics talked about
Department of Social Welfare and Development
Turn-over of donations from local and international donors
Relief operation including repacking and distribution (goods, construction materials, tents)
Invitation for volunteers
Partnerships/ dialogue with other agencies for Yolanda response
setting up of special place for women at evacuation camps
“Tacloban, on its way to recovery” – DSWD Sec. Dinky Soliman
Celebrities helping in the relief (Alicia Keys
Social workers hold play therapy for kids at tent city
“DSWD welcomes volunteers’ feedbacks, calls for greater understanding”
‘Couple conducts storytelling for kids in evacuation centers”
Secretary Soliman appeals to Luzon LGUs to support ‘Yolanda’ victims
DSWD turns over relief distribution in Tacloban to LGU
Public advisory on local in-kind donations for the Typhoon Yolanda relief operations
DSWD helps Eastern Visayas Evacuees at the Villamor Airbase
B. How are people talked about (victims/survivors, local government, disaster responders)
C. What disaster responses were done/planned?
D. Patterns in the posts
V. Conclusions and Recommendations
DSWD usually refer to Yolanda disaster response work as relief work
CSWCD
Bibliography:
Erving Goffman. Frame Analysis: an Essay on the Organization of Experience. 1974
Annelies Heijmans “THE SOCIAL LIFE OF COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: ORIGINS, POLITICS AND FRAMING”. 2009
Christoplos, Ian, John Mitchell and Anna Liljelund. Re-framing Risk: The Changing Context of Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness. 2001
McGray, Heather, Anne Hamm ill and Rob Bradley. Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development. World Resources Institute. 2007
Multiple realities and the world of dreams: the case of Inception movie
RispondiElimina1. Introduction:
a. Focus on sociological theory
According to Schütz it is possible to affirm the existence of multiple realities that depend on the reality in which someone choose to believe from time to time. The author starts from the idea of multiple realities to formulate his theory on the provinces of meaning: the various worlds of which we have experience. Among the various worlds Schütz describes that of dreams...
b. Formulation of my argument
The main goal of this essay is to explain how people construct his own realities, then analyzing the world of dreams. An example of this construction is reflected in Inception movie. For this I will try to interpret the theory in question using data obtainable from the movie......
2. Methodological Note
a. Qualitative data analysis: the movie
There are different ways in which sociologists can collect their data, for instances through observational studies or experiments. But scholars can also use existing data. A case in point could be movies. Indeed movies offer easily accessible and relatively inexpensive data...
b. Inception movie
Brief plot of Inception movie with a focus on the interest points for the analysis.
3. Empirical Analysis
Short description of the movie analysis development. ( I will not analyze all levels but only the first and possibly the second).
a. the reality
In this section, I would like to understand how realities are constructed by social actors, highlighting the links found within the film.
b. first level: the world of dreams
Within the film it is possible to see how in the first level people passed from the real world to the world of dreams. Here it will become central topic the Schütz theory of the world of dreams.
(c. second level: the dream inside the dream) ???
4. Conclusions
In this last part first, I will summarize the points discussed in the paper. Second I will display the obtained results. Finally, follow a personal note to what has emerged during the analysis. Finally, it will be follow a personal note to what has emerged during the analysis.
5. References:
Alfred, Schuetz 1945. “On Multiple Realities.” Reviews in and Phenomenological Research 5(4): 533-576.
Peter L, Berger and Thomas Luckmann. 1991. The Social Construction of Reality. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ian, Dei 1993. Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Scientists. London: Routledge and Taylor & Francis Group
Title: “Social influence and group pressure on behavior modification”
RispondiEliminaAbstract:
Societies in all its institutional complexity have lived to influence its member in number of forms. Which was a phenomena closely observed by ancients and contemporary philosophers and social scientists. Therefore, my aim through this brief paper is to first question the influence of social and individual pressure among other individuals. And then support my question with Ash and Milligram theories briefly. While trying to understand of the relationship between group dynamics, social influence in relation to change or modification of behavior and its need and proposed efficiency in developmental work.
Therefore, I aim to support my paper with two empirical studies; first on “Social Influence a key factor to behavior change in transport ( plug plug-in hybrid vehicles) by (Axsen, J. and Kurani, K. S., 2010). As for the second case it would be focused on Peer educators (G. Turner and J. Shepherd 1991) “A method in search of a theory: peer education and health promotion” and use data from project on HIV prevention project I worked on from 2011-2013 to mirror the thoughts and elements of (G. Turner and J. Shepherd 1991). Following I ought to reflect briefly on both cases. Finally I would conclude with how acknowledging and utilizing the power of social influence can have direct influence in reshaping developmental work.
Table of Content
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
The introduction would an abstract trial to question social and group influence, then slow breaking the thoughts and logical sequence of the report
C. Theories
I will briefly mention ash theory and mailgram experiment as sociological foundation to social influence and group pressure
D. Groups dynamic, social influence and its relation to change of behavior
I attempt to stress the importance of group dynamics, social influence and its relation to change behavior through narrative discussion of thought
E. Development work need for social influence utilization
Brief reflection how developmental work with no understanding of social influence have been a weak tool and the need for utilizing social influence
F. Empirical evidence
- Social Influence a Key Factor to Behavior Change in Transport ( plug plug-in hybrid vehicles)
Explain the methodology and the experiment, (Axsen, J. and Kurani, K. S., 2010) logic and the relation and tools that they proposed that has an impact on purchase behavior
- Reflection
- Peer educators in HIV prevention projects
I aim to use data from (G. Turner and J. Shepherd 1991) that shared the use of peer education and its importance and significance. Then I aim to build on this data based on final report of HIV prevention for Most At Risk Population, which I am responsible for from 2011-2013 using data on behavior change such visit to service center, change into safe behavior in second visits, referral to rehabilitation centers
- Reflection
G. Conclusion
Finally I would conclude with how acknowledging and utilizing the power of social influence can have direct influence in reshaping developmental work.
H. Reference
RispondiElimina• Axsen, J., 2010. Interpersonal Influence within Car Buyers' Social Networks: Observing Consumer Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and the Spread of Pro- Societal Values. University of California, Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, Dissertation.
• Axsen, J. and Kurani, K. S., 2010. Interpersonal influence within car buyers' social networks: Five perspectives on plug-in hybrid vehicle demonstration participants. University of California, Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper.
• G. Turner and J. Shepherd. 1999. “A method in search of a theory: peer education and health promotion”. Theory & Practice Pages 235–247. Health education Research Vol.14 no.2
• Elgamrawy, E, 2013, Hayat Drosos II project Final term report, FHI360, DROSOS, Cairo, Egypt
• Asch S. E. (1956). "Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority",
• Milgram Stanley (1963), "Behavioral Study of Obedience". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
Draft 3: organization of the final paper
RispondiEliminaTitle: The different meanings of apologize: the confession figure on the TRC' South Africa
Abstract:
The matter of context and the implications within the speech act, it a base to reflect about what features are needed for the act of asking forgiveness makes sense in a transitional justice process. About that, this paper explore through the study of confession in the process of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC ) in South Africa, like a form of reconciliation after a civil war.
Structure of the paper:
In this sense, the structure of the work may be :
1. Introduction
This apart present the idea and the logic order for explain the principal hypothesis: in a transitional justice process, the forgiveness speech act must be content some requisites.
2. Theoretic frame
This apart explain the theory of frames of Goffman and the speech acts of Austin, in order to demonstrate the matter of the context and the form in the communication acts, specially in the political field.
3. Study case: TRC process in South Africa.
3.1 Brief history : review of the context of conflict in South Africa.
This apart explain in a quickly view, the principal sources, protagonist and time line of the conflict in this country.
3.2 The TRC process : objectives, guidelines and processes.
This apart show the principal aims of the peace and reconciliation process after civil war in this country.
3.3 The confession and public apologies in the TRC process
This apart explore the public act or repeteance by the authors of human rights violations like for of reconciliation in the TRC process.
4. Analysis of the study case
This apart analyze what frameworks that need the speech act of apologizing in a process of transitional justice as South Africa.
In this sense, it explore ideas like:
- the matter of the official: confession act
- the matter of the public scene: repentance rituals
- the paper of the author: ideas of the repentant guilty and guilty without guilt:
- the paper of the victim: solidarity.
- the paper of the future: reconciliation? Restorativeness? Retributiveness?
5. Conclusions
References:
M. Mamdani, “The TRC and Justice”. In: Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa and the Neherlands, Netherland Institute of Human Rights, SIM Special No 23, Utrecht, año 1999.
Entrevista a J. Derrida por Michael Wieviorka, “El siglo y el perdón”, 1era edición, Ed. De la Flor, año 2003, traducción de Mirta Segoviano.
S. Cohen, “Exhumar tumbas, abrir heridas. Reconociendo el pasado” en Estados de negación. Ensayo sobre atrocidades y sufrimiento, British Council, Argentina.
André du Toit, “The moral foundations of truth commissions. Truth as acknowledgement and justice and recognition as principles of transitional justice in the practice of the South African TRC”.
Maruna, Shadd. Reentry likes a rite of passage. (2011). Queen’s University Belfast, UK. Punishment & Society.13: 3.
Nagy, Rosmery. Reconciliation in Post-Commission South Africa: Thick and Thin Accounts of Solidarity. (2002). Canadian Journal of Political Science. University of Toronto
Hepworth M. and Turner B. Confession, Guilt and Responsibility. (1979). British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 6, No. 2.
Andrieu, Kora. Sorry for the Genocide: How Public Apologies Can Help Promote National Reconciliation. (2009). Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2009.